Wednesday, August 13, 2014

Red Cell Morphology

		Hypochromasia Morphology: Increase in the red cells' central pallor which occupies more than the normal third of the red cell diameter. Found in: Iron deficiency Thalassaemia And any of the conditions leading to microcytosis
		Polychromasia Morphology: Red cells stain shades of blue-gray as a consequence of uptake of both eosin (by haemoglobin) and basic dyes (by residual ribosomal RNA). Often slightly larger than normal red cells and round in shape - round macrocytosis. Found in: Any situation with reticulocytosis - for example bleeding, haemolysis or response to haematinic factor replacement.
l		Anisocytosis Morphology: An increase in the variability of red cell size.Variation in erythrocyte size is now measured by the red cell distribution width (RDW). Always take the RDW into acount when interpreting the mean corpuscular volume (MCV).
		Microcytosis Morphology: Decrease in the red cell size. Red cells are smaller than ± 7µm in diameter. The nucleus of a small lymphocyte (± 8,µm) is a useful guide to the size of a red cell. Found in: Iron deficiency anaemia Thalassaemia Sideroblastic anaemia Lead poisoning Anaemia of chronic disease
		Macrocytosis Morphology:Increase in the size of a red cell. Red cells are larger than 9µm in diameter. May be round or oval in shape, the diagnostic significance being different. Found in:Folate and B₁₂ deficiencies (oval) Ethanol (round) Liver disease (round) Reticulocytosis (round)
		Dimorphic Blood Picture Morphology: Two distinct populations of red cells.The populations may differ in size, shape or haemoglobin content. Found in: Anaemic patient after transfusion Iron deficiency patient's taking supplements Combined B₁₂ / folate and iron deficiency Sideroblastic anaemia
		Spherocytosis Morphology: Red cells are more spherical. Lack the central area of pallor on a stained blood film. Found in: Hereditary spherocytosis Immune haemolytic anaemia Zieve's syndrome Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia.
		Stomatocytosis Morphology: Red cells with a central linear slit or stoma. Seen as mouth-shaped form in peripheral smear. Found in:Alcohol excess Alcoholic liver disease Hereditary stomatocytosis Hereditary spherocytosis
		Acanthocytosis Morphology: Spherical cells with 2 - 20 spicules of unequal length and distributed unevenly over the red cell surface. Found in:Liver disease Post splenectomy Anorexia nervosa and starvation
		Target Cells Morphology: Red cells have an area of increased staining which appears in the area of central pallor. Found in:Obstructive liver disease Severe iron deficiency Thalassaemia Haemoglobinopathies (S and C) Post splenectomy
		Elliptocytosis Morphology: The red cells are oval or elliptical in shape. Long axis is twice the short axis. Found in: Hereditary elliptocytosis Megaloblastic anaemia Iron deficiency Thalassaemia Myelofibrosis
		Cigar Cells Morphology: Red cells shaped like a cigar or pencil Found in: Iron deficiency
		Schistocytosis Morphology: Fragmentation of the red cells. Found in: DIC Micro angiopathic haemolytic anaemia Mechanical haemolytic anaemaia
		Echinocytes Morphology: Red cells are covered with 10 - 30 short spicules of regular form. Found in: Uraemia Severe burns EDTA artefact Liver disease
		Sickle Cells Morphology: Sickle shaped red cells Found in: Hb-S disease
		Tear Drop Cells Morphology: Red cells shaped like a tear drop or pear Found in:Bone marrow fibrosis Megaloblastic anaemia Iron deficiency Thalassaemia
		Rouleaux Formation Morphology: Stacks of RBC's resembling a stack of coins Found in: Hyperfibrinogenaemia Hyperglobulinaemia
		Red cell-agglutination Morphology: Irregular clumps of red cells Found in:Cold agglutinins Warm auto immune haemolysis
		Howell-Jolly Bodies Morphology:Small round cytoplasmic red cell inclusion with same staining characteristics as nucleus. Found in: Haemolytic anaemias Post splenectomy Megaloblastic anaemia
		Malaria Parasities Plasmodium falciparum Morphology:Ring form of Pl falciparum in red cells. Delicate rings with 1 or 2 chromatin dots. Often more than one ring in a red cell. Accolé forms are found. Found in:Malaria
		Basophilic stippling Morphology: Considerable numbers of small basophilic inclusions in red cells. Found in: Thalassaemia Megaloblastic anaemia Haemolytic anaemia Liver disease Heavy metal poisoning

A flashback of political Movements Of The P

flashback of political movements of the past

As Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) braces to take it to the streets against the PML-N government, the political temperature is escalating rapidly. PTI chairman Imran Khan, while speaking to a rally last month, gave a one moth deadline to the government to probe into alleged election rigging and announced a ‘tsunami march’ if the government failed to comply with the demand. While many remain sceptical about the timing of this announcement, a full-scale movement can actually trouble the Sharif government seriously. However, it will not be the first time that an opposition-led movement will be launched to oust a sitting government.

Pakistan verily has a dynamic political history and street politics has always been a crucial part of it. Protests, processions, long marches and sit-ins have occurred during military dictatorships and civilian regimes alike. Sometimes largely peaceful and sometimes marred by bullets and blood, protest movements have achieved varying results in the past. While Pakistan is on the brink of another season of street politics, it is pertinent to look at the political movements of the past and their results. Following is a chronological flashback of such movements:

The first significant political turmoil took place between 1956 and 1958. Upon the passage of first constitution of the country by the constituent assembly in 1956, Maj Gen Iskander Mirza became the first president of Pakistan. However, Mirza subsequently developed grievances with the parliament as the 1956 constitution provided a parliamentary form of government, presided over by the prime minister. Mirza sought more power in the democratic set up and tried to increasingly control the prime minister. This resulted in three prime ministers — Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar — resigning from office in quick succession; within a period of two years. Sir Feroz Khan Noon was the prime minister in 1958 when the opposition to Iskander Mirza started to escalate.

While the tussle between the president and parliament persisted, politicians started street demonstrations against Mirza. Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan, an important political figure, was also among the leaders of the protests. As pressure mounted on him, Mirza abrogated the constitution on 7th October 1958, dissolved the parliament and imposed martial law, making General Ayub Khan the chief martial law administrator. However, Mirza himself lost the office when he was removed by Ayub Khan two weeks later, who then assumed the role of the president and became the chief executive of the state. The country then had to wait for 13 years to see its next prime minister.

The second most significant movement was against Ayub Khan himself. The 1965 war was the starting point of sorts. Industrial development virtually halted after the war and inflation and unemployment hiked up. Simultaneously, the cry for democracy from different sections of society started to grow as well. Students were at the forefront of this movement. The National Student Federation (NSF) launched protests in major cities when Ayub Khan decided to celebrate the ‘Decade of Development’ calling it a ‘Decade of Decadence’ instead.

Ayub tried to tackle the protests with use of force, which further emboldened the opposition. On 7 November 1968, police fired at a student rally in Rawalpindi, which resulted in the deaths of three students and fired up the protests against the government.

Ayub tried to tackle the protests with use of force, which further emboldened the opposition. On 7 November 1968, police fired at a student rally in Rawalpindi, which resulted in the deaths of three students and fired up the protests against the government. Mainstream politicians also joined in the movement. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who had formed his own party in 1967, became a key opposition figure. Other sections of society, like industrial workers — mainly due to high inflation and unemployment — intellectuals and journalists also joined the movement.

“It was a movement which had an avid involvement of a diverse cross-section of the society”, said Muhammad Waseem, professor of Political Science at Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS). Ayub Khan subsequently lost support of the military establishment as well and in the face of the strong opposition, had to resign in March 1969, transferring the power to Yahya Khan, who later handed over power to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto after his victory in the general elections.

Another very important opposition movement was organised in 1977 by the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) against the then prime minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Bhutto’s rise to power was nothing less than a glamorous victory over the forces of status-quo, however his fall PNA leader Abdul Wali Khan with Bhutto was equally anticlimactic. PNA’s movement was similar to the currently evolving situation in that it was also initiated due to election rigging. Bhutto’s PPP won the general elections of 1977 with a handsome majority. However, the elections followed the allegations of rigging from different parties. The main opposition came from nine different parties which had contested elections against PPP in an alliance called PNA. PNA rejected the outcome; its members boycotted assembly sessions and staged demonstrations against the government.

Many analysts believe that there was clear evidence of rigging on a few seats however Bhutto would have won the elections even without the rigging. PNA held rallies and processions across the country and demanded Bhutto’s resignation. The prominent leaders of PNA included Khan Abdul Wali Khan, Abdul Madudi, Asghar Khan and Zahoor Ilahi. It is largely believed that PNA was funded by the influential business class that was enraged at Bhutto’s socialist policies.

“It wasn’t just about the rigging; it became religious soon, calling for an Islamic system of governance or Nizam-e-Mustafa”, said Mehdi Hassan, a seasoned journalist, while talking to Pakistan Today.

As PNA increased the pressure, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto tried to curb the movement using state power. However, popular support for PNA kept increasing and Bhutto finally had to negotiate with its leaders. An agreement, it is said, was reached between PNA and Bhutto, but the military leadership decided to intervene. On July 5 1997, Ziaul Haq overthrew the government, dissolved the assemblies and sent Bhutto behind bars.

Next in line was the movement against Ziaul Haq’s dictatorship. Formed in 1981, the Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD) was an alliance of certain left-wing political parties that called for an end to the dictatorship of Ziaul Haq. Mainly fuelled by the execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the MRD was led by the PPP and was mainly active in Sindh. Some of the leaders of PNA also joined the MRD later on. It was active for years prior to the elections of 1985. It carried out protests in major and interior cities of Sindh. However, Zia gave it an iron-handed response. The army was used to curb the demonstrations in many areas. There were violent incidents of shooting at the protestors and a considerable loss of civilian lives was reported at several occasions.

Mehdi Hassan, while commenting on MRD added, “It was mainly restricted to Sindh and was almost non-existent in Punjab”, and therefore could not pose any serious threat to the government.

The movement withered away upon getting divided on the issue of participating in elections announced by Zia. While some parties wanted to contest the elections, PPP believed it would only legitimise Zia’s regime. The turnout, however, in 1985 elections was significant despite PPP’s boycott.

The 90’s decade was, politically, one of the most happening periods in the country’s history. In 1992, the late Benazir Bhutto announced a long march against the government of Nawaz Sharif, levelling allegations of corruption and also dubbing the 1990 elections “rigged”. The long march that took place in November 1992 saw the participation of various renowned leaders including Qazi Hussain Ahmad, Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan and Muhammad Khan Junejo.

The prominent leaders of PNA included Khan Abdul Wali Khan, Abdul Madudi, Asghar Khan and Zahoor Ilahi. It is largely believed that PNA was funded by the influential business class that was enraged at Bhutto’s socialist policies.

However, the Sharif government using state power cracked down on it and arrested several leaders. The late governor Salman Taseer was also amongst the prisoners of this march and was reportedly tortured by the police. This march could not achieve anything significant and was successfully suppressed by the government. However, Benazir threatened to march towards Islamabad with thousands of supporters again in 1993. By this time, corruption of the Sharif government was criticised in many circles. Upon the increase in pressure from the opposition and a fall in popular support for Nawaz Sharif, the army chief Abdul Waheed Khan showed him the curtains as Sharif resigned in July 1993.

LUMS’s Muhammad Waseem believes that Benazir’s movement had little to with Nawaz’s exit and “it was mainly the military leadership that wanted Sharif to go”.

In 2008, the lawyers’ community took to the streets when General Musharraf deposed the Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry and sixty other judges. The long march of 2008 was mainly a display of activism by the civil society. Although massively attended, it could not achieve the restoration of judges. In 2009, a second long march was announced during the government of Asif Ali Zardari for the same purpose, however this time Nawaz Sharif decided to lead the march from Lahore.

It is important to note that in February 2009 the Abdul Hammed Dogar-led Supreme Court had disqualified Nawaz Sharif and Shahbaz Sharif, dismissing his government in Punjab. The March 2009 long march was also well-attended with lawyers now having direct support of the political community. However, as the march was in progress, the Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani in a televised speech on March 16 2009 announced the restoration deposed judges, resulting in the long march being called off.

The most recent display of street power was done by the head of Pakistan Awami Tehreek, Tahirul Qadri. With a complete overhaul of the electoral system and the end of the government of Pakistan Peoples Party on his agenda, Qadri marched on the capital with thousands of his supporters and staged a sit-in for a few days. However, the sit-in was called off after successful negotiations between Qadri and team of government’s representatives. The negotiations and the long march, in retrospect, achieved nothing.

Hassan Askari Rizvi, a senior political analyst, believes that long marches have “hardly achieved anything substantial in the past”.

“Street politics does not strengthen democracy, it only weakens the government,” he told Pakistan Today. He said Imran Khan can succeed in “destabilising the government through the long march but cannot ensure any reforms”.

But with Khan’s PTI poised to launch its ‘tsunami march’ on the capital, it can be said that tougher times await the PML-N government ahead. However, whether a display of street power will result in the reformation of electoral system is highly doubtful. Not all the movements in the past achieved desired results.

Imran Khan has compared the time leading up to the D-day of 14th August to a chess game. What he must be wary of is that any wrong move here might well deliver checkmate to the democratic system as well as his own politics

Tuesday, August 12, 2014

What Is Anemia? What Causes Anemia?

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What Is Anemia? What Causes Anemia?

Saturday 25 July 2009 - 12am PST

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When the number of red blood cells or concentrations of hemoglobin are low a person is said to have anemia. Hemoglobin is a protein (metalloprotein) inside the red blood cells that contains iron and transports oxygen.

Anemia is the most common disorder of the blood. Approximately 3.5 million Americans are affected by it. It is much more common in developing countries, especially in very poor areas where people suffer from malnutrition. In many parts of Africa severe anemia is also caused by Malaria.

As many people who become infected with Malaria already have pre-existing anemia, most commonly due to malnutrition and helminthiasis (a disease caused by a parasitic worm), the problem is compounded.

There are hundreds of types of anemia, which is divided into three groups:

Excessive blood loss anemia

Chronic bleeding (long-term bleeding) is often undetected for a long time. The patient gradually loses blood, which means a loss of red blood cells and hemoglobin. Acute bleeding (not long term), can also reduce red blood cell count. Excessive blood loss can be caused by:

Stomach ulcers.

Hemorrhoids.

Inflammation of the stomach (gastritis).

Cancer - sometimes cancer of the stomach or colon can cause bleeding.

Some medications - NSAIDS (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) if used for prolonged periods, or in high doses, can occasionally cause stomach bleeding.

Childbirth - childbirth often involves the loss of blood.

Menstruation - women who have very heavy periods (menorrhagia) have a higher risk of developing anemia.

Surgery

Trauma which results in bleeding, such as a car accident.

Blood donations - some regular blood donors may develop anemia.

Excessive red blood cell destruction (hemolysis) anemia

A red blood cell usually lives for 110-120 days, after which it breaks down and is removed by the spleen. Some illnesses and conditions cause red blood cells to die too early. When this happens the bone marrow has to make more red blood cells than normal. If the bone marrow cannot keep up with the needed red cell production caused by their early deaths, the red blood cell count will start to fall, leading to hemolysis (anemia caused by excessive red blood cell destruction)

The following can cause hemolysis:

Immune reactions
Infections
Some medications
Toxins (poisons)
Some medical procedures, such as using a heart-lung bypass machine, or hemodialysis (used by patients with kidney problems)

Decreased or deficient red blood cell production anemia

In this type of anemia the body either does not produce enough red blood cells, or they may not work properly. People with this type of anemia may have:

Sickle cell anemia - an inherited disorder which causes the red blood cells to have a crescent shape. The red blood cells break down rapidly, before sufficient oxygen and nutrients can reach vital organs.

Not enough iron (iron deficiency) - lack of iron is generally caused by poor diet, blood loss, or an inability to absorb sufficient iron from food. Anemia due to iron deficiency among pregnant women who do not take an iron supplement is common.

Not enough vitamins (vitamin deficiency) - such as vitamin B12, often caused because the stomach cannot produce enough of a substance called intrinsic factor. This intrinsic factor is vital for vitamin B12 to be absorbed from food and drink. People with anemia for this reason have pernicious anemia. The deficiency may be caused by poor diet.

A high percentage of older women with anemia are not eating healthily, researchers from Tucson, Arizona, reported in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association (March 2011 issue).

They found that anemia in older women was associated with poor consumption of vitamin B12, vitamin C, protein, energy, red meat and folate. They also found that the deficiencies in iron, folate, and vitamin B12 were each linked to a 10% to 20% higher risk of anemia - and a 21% higher risk of chronic anemia. They also found that smoking, BMI (body mass index) and age were linked to anemia risk.

Bone marrow problems - red blood cells are made in the bone marrow. If the bone marrow is faulty it may not be producing enough. This may be caused by a lack of vitamin B12, a serious bone marrow disorder (e.g. leukemia), long term inflammation (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis), or long term infection.

Some conditions/diseases - people with HIV/AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn's disease may have problems with adequate red blood cell production. Malaria causes anemia in millions of people worldwide. A protein produced by immune cells during malaria infection triggers severe anemia, researchers from Yale University discovered. Patients with chronic kidney disease often have low levels of erythropoietin (a hormone that stimulates the formation of red blood cells) and develop anemia. A study published by the Canadian Medical Association Journal reported that anemia may be beneficial to patients with inflammatory disease, and advocate restraint in treating mild to moderate forms of anemia.

Some medications - especially some cancer medications which are given in combination. A cancer drug,Avastin, given in combination with Sutent, is linked to microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, which is caused by by a build up of platelets and other organic obstructions on the inner walls of very small blood vessels. These shred healthy red blood cells as they pass through, eventually leading to a whole body shortage of them.

What are the symptoms of anemia?

People whose anemia develops gradually may have no symptoms for a long time. If it develops rapidly symptoms will usually be felt much sooner. Symptoms will vary according to the type of anemia, its underlying cause, and if there are any underlying health problems.

Below are some symptoms linked to anemia - tiredness and lethargy are the most common ones: Lethargy is a mental state while fatigue is a physical state. Lethargy may or may not be associated with physical symptoms. If somebody suffers from fatigue - is physically tired - it is not uncommon for his/her mental state to be affected as well.

Fatigue (tiredness)
Lethargy - sluggishness, apathy, a feeling of laziness
Malaise - a vague feeling that one is not well
Dyspnea - shortness of breath; difficult or labored breathing
Poor concentration
Palpitations - unpleasant irregular and/or forceful beating of the heart
Sensitivity to cold temperatures

The following symptoms are possible, but less common

Tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
Headache
Sense of taste is affected
Sore tongue
Dysphagia - difficulty is swallowing
Pallor (pale complexion)
Atrophic glossitis - very smooth tongue
Dry and flaky nails
Angular chelosis - ulcers in the corner of the mouth
Restless leg syndrome - this is more common among patients with iron deficiency anemia

The following symptoms are possible, but extremely rare

Swelling of the legs and/or arms
Chronic heartburn
Vomiting
Increased sweating
Blood in stools (feces)

How is anemia diagnosed?

A GP (general practitioner, primary care physician) will probably carry out a physical examination, order a blood test, and ask the patient some questions.

Blood test

A blood test will measure the patient's red blood count and levels of hemoglobin. If the levels are low the patient has anemia. The blood test will also reveal whether the blood cells have an unusual shape, color or size. Patients with iron deficiency have smaller and paler red blood cells compared to healthy individuals. A patient with a vitamin deficiency will have fewer and larger red blood cells.

Adults should have hematocrit values (red blood cell count) between 32% and 43%, and hemoglobin values from 11 to 15 grams per deciliter.

Some questions the doctor may ask

The doctor will also try to find out what may be causing or contributing to the anemia by asking:
- Diet - what the patient eats, and whether his/her diet includes enough vitamins and minerals, - especially iron and vitamin B12.
- Medications - what drugs the patient has been taking, how often, for how long, and what doses.
- Menstruation - whether periods are heavy (menorrhagia) and whether heavy periods have been happening for a long time.
- Family history - whether any close relatives have/had anemia, blood disorders, or gastrointestinal bleedin/g. A close relative is usually limited to siblings and parents.
- Medical history - whether the patient has a chronic disease.
- Blood donation - whether the patient is a regular blood donor.
Physical examination
- Rectal examination - a doctor may carry out a rectal examination to determine whether something in the gastrointestinal tract may be causing bleeding. GPs are used to doing this kind of examination. If an abnormality is detected the GP will refer the patient to a specialist (gastroenterologist).
- Pelvic examination - if the GP suspects heavy menstrual bleeding may be causing the anemia he/she may carry out a pelvic examination. If the patient does not respond to iron supplement treatment and has heavy periods the GP may refer her to a gynecologist.

What is the treatment for anemia?

Iron deficiency - the GP will prescribe an iron supplement to restore body levels of iron. An example is ferrous sulphate, which is taken orally up to three times daily. Side effects, which are rare, may includediarrhea, constipation, stomach upset, and heartburn. Patients who find ferrous sulphate unsuitable may be given ferrous gluconate, which is less likely to have side effects but takes longer to work.

Diet - patient's whose diets are found to be lacking in iron will be encouraged to consume plenty of iron-rich foods, such as dark-green leafy vegetables, artichokes, apricots, beans, lentils, chick peas, soybeans, meat, nuts, prunes, and raisins.

Underlying causes - if there is an underlying cause for the anemia this must be treated. If non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are found to be a contributory factor the doctor will prescribe an alternative medication.

The doctor will ask the patient to return a few weeks later to check that the treatment is working. If treatment has not worked the doctor will try to find out whether any undesirable side-effects may have made the patient stop taking the iron supplements.

What are the complications of anemia?

Pregnancy

Pregnant women who are severely anemic have a significant risk of complications, especially when they give birth and afterwards. Giving birth often involves losing blood; being anemic already and then losing blood can result in serious complications. If a mother is severely anemic her baby is much more likely to be born prematurely and underweight. Babies born to mothers with anemia are much more likely to have problems with anemia themselves later on in infancy.

Fatigue

Fatigue may have a considerable impact on the quality of life of the patient. If the anemia is severe the patient may feel too tired to work, or carry out essential daily tasks. Long-term fatigue may eventually lead to clinical depression.

Researchers from Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center found that elderly people with anemia have more disabilities and score lower on physical performance and strength tests than those without anemia.

Susceptibility to illness and infection

People with untreated anemia are more susceptible to illness and infection, compared to healthy people.

Heart Problems

The heart needs to pump more blood to make up for the lack of oxygen and nutrients if you are anemic. This can eventually lead to congestive heart failure.

Researchers from Charles Sturt University found that the presence of anemia in patients with chronic heart failure is associated with a significantly increased risk of death.

Nerve damage

Lack of vitamin B-12, one of the causes of anemia, can result in nerve damage. Good nerve function requires an adequate supply of vitamin B-12.

Dr Tahir-ul-Qadri’s message on Pakistan Day

Dated: 22 March 2013

In his message on the Pakistan Day being celebrated across the country today, Dr Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri has said that we have transitioned from the struggle for accomplishment of objectives for which Pakistan was created to the one aimed at protecting the motherland because the Pakistan’s Ideology had progressively been rendered weak. He said that the ideology was under severe attacks by the forces of extremism, terrorism, corruption and elitist democracy due to incompetence and compromised character of political class. He said that dangers were posed to territorial and ideological frontiers of the country. He said that the sense of deprivation felt by the smaller provinces was on the increase and the country was raging in the fires of terrorism, inflation, inflation, unemployment and energy deficits.

Dr Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri said that the nation suffered from insecurity and despondency because the unreal and unrepresentative leaders that came after the demise of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah deviated from his vision and violated the spirit of Pakistan’s Ideology. He said that long-term policies were not formulated. He said that it was unfortunate that the nuclear status of the country, a matter of pride otherwise, had become its weakness and posed a threat due to weak political system and collapsing economy. He said that this sorry state of affairs in which the country was stuck up was owed to incompetence of political leaderships and lack of compliance with law and the Constitution. He said that Pakistan needed a leadership that worked tirelessly to implement the vision of the Quaid and fulfill the dream of Allama Dr Muhammad Iqbal.
Dr Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri said that Quaid-e-Azam declared the Holy Quran as the basis of Pakistan’s Constitution but added in the same breath that it was regrettable that the worst human rights violations were being committed in the country never witnessed before in history of 65 years.
Dr Tahir-ul-Qadri said that saving Pakistan from breaking down and handing over a stronger and prosperous country to the next generation was his mission and his commitment to this mission was unwavering. He said that there was a clash between his vision and traditional politics. He said that it explained why he launched a peaceful struggle against exploitative and corrupt political system, which was in vogue for last 65 years. He said that the struggle would surely reach its destination and achieve its objectives.
Dr Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri said that a politician planned for perpetuating his politics while a leader and a statesman planned for the succeeding generations and their bright future. He said that elections under the current obsolete electoral system would be meaningless and PAT decided to boycott them, for it did not see change happening through this process. He said that PAT would stage peaceful sit-ins as per democratic traditions near polling stations on the polling day to register its disapproval of the electoral system.

Dated: 22 March 2013

Medical Encyclopedia

Wednesday, August 13, 2014

Red Cell Morphology

A flashback of political Movements Of The P

Tuesday, August 12, 2014

What Is Anemia? What Causes Anemia?

What Is Anemia? What Causes Anemia?

Excessive blood loss anemia

Excessive red blood cell destruction (hemolysis) anemia

Decreased or deficient red blood cell production anemia

What are the symptoms of anemia?

How is anemia diagnosed?

What is the treatment for anemia?

What are the complications of anemia?

Dr Tahir-ul-Qadri’s message on Pakistan Day

Dr Tahir-ul-Qadri’s message on Pakistan Day

Dr Tahir-ul-Qadri’s message on Pakistan Day

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